fear conditioning tests  (Med Associates Inc)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: G1899, an American ginseng extract, alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.04.674314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neuroprotective effect of G1899 in a scopolamine-induced acute memory deficit model. a Schematic illustration of cued and contextual fear conditioning test (created with BioRender.com). Quantification of b contextual and c cued fear conditioning tests. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: We performed fear conditioning test (Med Associates, Inc., VT, USA) for validating cued learning and memory.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: G1899, an American ginseng extract, alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in models of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.04.674314

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cognitive improvement by G1899 in 9-month-old 5xFAD/+ mice. a Schematic illustration of the oral gavage (PO) dosing schedule of G1899 at different doses (30, 100, 300 mg/kg), administered five times per week for six months followed by behavior assessments. The images were created with BioRender.com. b Cued and c contextual fear conditioning tests assessing the effects of G1899 on cognitive improvement in 5xFAD/+ mice. d Morris water maze test used to evaluate the rescue effect of G1899. Representative tracking plots of swimming paths to the platform at the end of training (day 4). e Heat maps from each group during the probe trial (day 5). Quantification of the number of entries into the f target zone, g platform zone, and h extended platform zone, as well as time spent in the i target zone, j platform zone, and k extended platform zone. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Statistical significance is determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; n.s., not significant.

Article Snippet: We performed fear conditioning test (Med Associates, Inc., VT, USA) for validating cued learning and memory.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: PTEN in somatostatin neurons regulates fear and anxiety and is required for inhibitory synaptic connectivity within central amygdala

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2025.1597131

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conditional knockout of PTEN from SOM neurons leads to elevated fear and anxiety phenotype. (a) Breeding strategy. (b) Experimental timeline for behavior (vertical dashes indicate days). (c) Both sets of mice interacted significantly more with social targets than with non-social targets (the empty cup) in the sociability stage (WT: n = 10, 115.6 s vs. 41.01 s, **** indicates Tukey’s test: p < 0.0001, KO: n = 12, 111.2 s vs. 54.65 s, **** indicates Tukey’s test: p < 0.0001). (d) SOM-PTEN-KO mice showed a higher preference for novel mice, compared to wild type mice, in the social novelty test (WT: n = 10, 78.14 s vs. 51.90 s, Tukey’s test: p = 0.2526, KO: n = 12, 110.0 s vs. 45.20 s, **** indicates Tukey’s test: p < 0.0001). (e) No significant difference was observed between wild type and knock out mice when comparing their social preference ratios. (f) SOM-PTEN-KO mice have reduced locomotion in the open field ( n = 10 WT and 13 KO, 32.53 m vs. 26.43 m, * indicates t -test: p = 0.0446). (g) SOM-PTEN-KO mice showed a trend toward less exploratory rearing in the open field ( n = 10 WT and 13 KO, 103.8 vs. 82.38, p = 0.0684). (h) Wild type and knock out mice show no difference in time exploring the center, edge, or corner zones of the open field. (i) SOM-PTEN-KO mice spent more time in the corners during the hole board test [two-way ANOVA for interaction: F (2,42) = 7.058, p = 0.0023, 286.8 s WT vs. 351.2 s KO, * indicates Sidak’s post-hoc test: p = 0.013]. (j) No differences observed in number or distribution of holes poked. (k) SOM-PTEN-KO mice spent less time in the light (174.9 s WT vs. 351.2 s KO, * indicates Sidak’s test: p = 0.0133) and more time in the dark (414.3 s WT vs. 477.0 s KO, * indicates Sidak’s test: p = 0.0053) compared to WT mice in the light/dark chamber. (l) In the Elevated-Plus Maze, knock out mice spent less time in the open arm and more time in the closed arm compared to wild type mice (open arm: 115.5 s WT vs. 93.8 s KO, closed arm: 378.6 s WT vs. 428.2 s KO, * indicates Sidak’s test: p = 0.0295). (m) Input/output curves reveal an increased startle response in SOM-PTEN-KO mice [ n = 10 WT and 13 KO mice, two-way ANOVA F (1,168) = 5.243, p = 0.0211]. (n) Normalized PPI shows no difference between wild type and knock out mice in sensory integration [ n = 10 WT and 13 KO mice, two-way ANOVA – PPI effect: F (5,120) = 4.436, p = 0.0010, genotype effect: F (1,120) = 1.289, p = 0.2585]. (o) Both genotypes readily acquire fear memory, but SOM-PTEN-KO mice show elevated levels of freezing during conditioning compared to their wild type littermates [ n = 10 WT and 13 KO mice, two-way ANOVA – conditioning effect: F (6,147) = 12.01, p = 0.0001, * indicates genotype effect: F (1,147) = 4.480, p = 0.0360]. (p) Both knock out and wild type mice can discriminate between CS+ and CS−, but SOM-PTEN-KO mice freeze more to the CS+ ( n = 10 WT and 13 KO mice, 57.17% vs. 68.91%, * indicates nested t -test: p = 0.0364).

Article Snippet: Differential auditory fear conditioning tests were conducted using a Med Associates (Fairfax, VT, USA) fear conditioning chamber (10” × 11.5” × 8.5”) inside a sound attenuating box (25” × 30” × 17”).

Techniques: Knock-Out